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WD_220/ 2005
(  Satoshi Kinoshita )
| Series: | Works on paper: Drawings 3 | | Medium: | oilstick on paper | | Size (inches): | 25 x 19.9 | | Size (mm): | 640 x 510 | | Catalog #: | WD_0220 | | Description: | Signed, date and copyright in pencil on the reverse.
Emile Boirac:
Émile Boirac (born in Guelma, Algeria, 26 August 1851; died in Dijon, 20 September 1917) was a French philosopher and psychic, promoter of esperanto.
He was designated in 1898 president of the University of Grenoble and in (1902) president of Dijon University.
A notable advocate for esperanto, he presided over its 1st Universal Congress (Boulogne-Sur-Mer, France, 7 to 12 August 1905) and directed the "Academy of Esperanto".
He is also remembered by having coined the term déjà vu in his book L'Avenir des Sciences Psychiques, where he also defined "metagnomy": knowledge acquired without the senses, what currently is known as ESP.
-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Boirac
Déjà vu:
The term déjà vu (French: "already seen", also called paramnesia) describes the experience of feeling that one has witnessed or experienced a new situation previously. The term was created by a French psychic researcher, Emile Boirac (1851–1917) in his book L'Avenir des sciences psychiques (The Future of Psychic Sciences), which expanded upon an essay he wrote while an undergraduate French concentrator at the University of Chicago. The experience of déjà vu is usually accompanied by a compelling sense of familiarity, and also a sense of "eerieness" or "strangeness" or "weirdness". The "previous" experience is most frequently attributed to a dream, although in some cases there is a firm sense that the experience "genuinely happened" in the past.
The experience of déjà vu seems to be very common; in formal studies 70% or more of the population report having experienced it at least once. References to the experience of déjà vu are also found in literature of the past, indicating it is not a new phenomenon. However, in laboratory settings, it is extremely difficult to invoke the déjà vu experience, making it a subject with few empirical studies.
Scientific research:
In recent years, déjà vu has been subjected to serious psychological and neurophysiological research. The most likely candidate for explanation, according to scientists in these fields, is that déjà vu is not an act of "precognition" or "prophecy" but is actually an anomaly of memory; it is the impression that an experience is "being recalled" which is false. This is substantiated to an extent by the fact that in most cases the sense of "recollection" at the time is strong, but any circumstances of the "previous" experience (when, where and how the earlier experience occurred) are quite uncertain. Likewise, as time passes, subjects can exhibit a strong recollection of having the "unsettling" experience of déjà vu itself, but little to no recollection of the specifics of the event(s) or circumstances they were "remembering" when they had the déjà vu experience, and in particular, this may result from an overlap between the neurological systems responsible for short-term memory (events which are perceived as being in the present) and those responsible for long-term memory (events which are perceived as being in the past). Neurophysiological specialist Stephanie Warn (based out of San Francisco) has dedicated research on the subject matter. Her current conclusion is that déjà vu is merely the brain pulsing at an exponential rate which causes a person to recall something he or she saw the moment before.
Links with disorders:
A clinical correlation has been found between the experience of déjà vu and disorders such as schizophrenia and anxiety, and the likelihood of the experience increases considerably with subjects having these conditions. However, the strongest pathological association of déjà vu is with temporal lobe epilepsy. This correlation has led some researchers to speculate that the experience of déjà vu is possibly a neurological anomaly related to improper electrical discharge in the brain. As most people suffer a mild (ie. non-pathological) epileptic episode regularly (eg. the sudden "jolt", a hypnagogic jerk, that frequently occurs just prior to falling asleep), it is conjectured that a similar (mild) neurological aberration occurs in the experience of déjà vu, resulting in an erroneous "memory".
Parapsychology:
Déjà vu is associated with precognition, clairvoyance or extra-sensory perceptions, and it is frequently cited as evidence for "psychic" abilities in the general population. Non-scientific explanations attribute the experience to prophecy, visions (such as received in dreams) or past-life memories.
Dreams:
Some believe déjà vu is the memory of dreams. The reasoning goes like this: though the majority of dreams are never remembered, a dreaming person can display activity in the areas of the brain that process long-term memory. Perhaps a dream can read directly into long-term memory, bypassing short-term memory entirely. In this case, déjà vu might be a memory of a forgotten dream with elements in common with the current "awake" experience.
Related phenomena:
* Déjà vécu: the sense of already having lived through an experience
* Jamais vu: explicitly not remembering having seen something before. The person knows it has happened before, but the experience feels unfamiliar.
* Presque vu: almost, but not quite, remembering something. This is the 'on the tip of my tongue' feeling.
* Déjà visité: uncanny knowledge of a new place. Here one may know his or her way around in a new town or landscape while at the same time knowing that this should not be possible. In addition to dreams, reincarnation and also out-of-the-body travel have been evoked to explain this phenomenon.
* Déjà senti: feeling something again. Unlike déjà vu and déjà vécu, which imply precognition, this refers specifically to a mental feeling. Some temporal-lobe epileptics may experience this.
* Déjà eprouvé: "already attempted or tried".
* L'esprit des escaliers: Remembering something when its too late. For example a clever come-back to a remark.
-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_ja_vu
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