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WD_365/ 2007
(  Satoshi Kinoshita )
| Series: | Works on paper: Drawings 4 | | Medium: | oilstick on paper | | Size (inches): | 25.6 x 17.7 | | Size (mm): | 650 x 450 | | Catalog #: | WD_0365 | | Description: | Signed, date and copyright in pencil on the reverse.
"I discovered that the most interesting music of all was made by simply lining the loops in unison, and letting them slowly shift out of phase with other." - Steve Reich
-www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/s/
steve_reich.html
Steve Reich -
Stephen Michael Reich (born October 3, 1936) is an American composer. He is a pioneer of minimalism, although his music has increasingly deviated from a purely minimalist style. Reich's innovations include using tape loops to create phasing patterns (examples are his early compositions, It's Gonna Rain and Come Out), and the use of processes to create and explore musical concepts (for instance, Pendulum Music and Four Organs). These compositions, marked by their use of repetitive figures and phasing effects, have significantly influenced contemporary music, especially in America.
-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Reich
Steve Reich: Early tape pieces
Interview by Jason Gross
As I was doing research for OHM- THE EARLY GURUS OF ELECTRONIC MUSIC (Ellipsis Arts), I had the pleasure of interviewing many of the composers that were being included in this compilation. While we had chosen "Pendulum Music" to use and were able to get comments from Reich about the piece, he was also generous enough to talk about his early tape pieces also. Though these historic works were not also included in the release, I thought this material was important enough to share with the online world.
Thanks to Lee Ranaldo, who pushed me forward to do this.
PSF: Where there any earlier tape pieces you heard that influenced your own early works with tapes?
Basically, "It's Gonna Rain" was done in '65. At that point, I already studied with (Luciano) Berio. I had listened to a lot electronic music and a lot of musique concrete. I felt that my heart belonged to the musique concrete people. Even with Stockhausen, I was interested in "Gesung der Jungling" because of the boy's voice.
The bone I had to pick with (Pierre) Schaeffer and that bunch was that if they were using the sound of a car crash, they had to lower it by an octave or speed it up by an octave, run it through a ring modulator or play it backwards. Why not hear that it's a car crash! These sounds that you're using in the original state have some kind of emotional resonance. We relate to them in various ways. If you bring them into the music, that brings in an emotional, theatrical meaning which is useful. It's worthwhile maintaining and building upon.
PSF: So how did your early tape pieces actually come about?
My idea was that I always wanted you to hear what the original sounds were. For "It's Gonna Rain" and "Come Out," that meant what the people were saying. Because the piece ("Rain") was vocal music. It was setting what they were saying in a way that was appropriate to the subject matter. "It's Gonna Rain" is about the end of the world. In those days, the voice was recorded in '64, you had the Cuban Missle Crisis and so it was very much a part of many peoples' thinking at that time. We were at the point where we could all turn into so much radioactive ash at any given time. So while this guy is preaching about Noah, it's not something abstract that has nothing to do with what's going on in your life.
It was also a time that was fairly difficult for me personally. So "It's Gonna Rain," especially the second half of it, is very bleak. You're literally hearing the world come apart. Technically, it's been said many times, the discovery of the phasing process was within that piece. It happened with those two little Wollensack tape recorders I had (also used on "Phase Piece"). I made identical loops and I thought I would line them up in a particular relationship. Mainly with "it's gonna fall" on top of "rain" with the two channel result being "it's gonna... it's gonna... rain... rain..." with 180 degrees separation.
I put on headphones (which were stereo with each ear with a separate plug going into the two machines). By chance, two machines were lined up in unison. So what I heard was this unison sound sort of swimming in my head, spatially moving back and forth. It finally moved over to the left, which meant that the machine on the left was slightly faster passing in speed than the machine on the right. So the apparent phenomenon in your head is the sound moving to the left, moves down your left shoulder and then across the floor! (laughs) Then after a while, it comes into an imitation and then finally after four or five minutes, you hear "it's gonna... it's gonna... rain... rain..."
By the time it got that far, I though to myself "this is unbelievable." Instead of a particular relationship, here is a whole way of making music, going from unison through all these contrapuntal relationships, all the way back to unison. All the possible relationships, rational and irrational, are there. So I immediately decided to experiment with just how fast that process should happen. Then in the second half of the piece, it got much more complicated, going from two then to four then to eight voices and never coming back together again, which is more in keeping with the text.
PSF: Did you also have the idea that you wanted to explore the semantics of what was being said?
In those days, I was very interested in American poetry. My interest in William Carlos Williams which surfaced in "Desert Music" was something that goes back to when I was 16. Reading Williams led to reading a lot of younger American poets like Robert Creely and Charles Olson who were very influenced by Williams. Williams himself was influenced by American speech rhythms. The difficulty that I had as a student setting Williams was that I felt that I had set him like you would set an insect in amber. You'd set it alright but he's dead as a doornail. After I discovered all the constantly changing meters in "Tehillim" I thought 'hey, here's a way of dealing with the flexible rhythms in Williams' poetry in "The Desert Music."'
But the tape pieces, it seemed to me, were a way of taking Dr. Williams' advice. Here's American speech rhythm, particularly in the case of the black Pentacostal preacher and later in the black kid who was arrested for murder, then presenting it just as it is and letting the actual rhythm and cadence of the voice form the music.
PSF: So you were also studying the musical tone of their speech?
Yes, absolutely. If you listen to a black preacher, sometimes it's hard to say whether they're singing or speaking. They're exactly in the cusp between speech and song. It's a very mannered kind of speaking. It's almost chanting. So it was perfect for this kind of tape manipulation. Later, when I did "Come Out," to get that one little phrase 'come to out to show them,' I went through ten hours of tapes- boys, police, mothers, everyone you could imagine. This one phrase seemed emblematic. The speech-melody is everything. It then generates all kinds of variations upon itself melodically and on the meaning of the words.
PSF: I was going to ask why you had given up on tape music but something occurred to me.
But I haven't!
PSF: That's right. When I think of your latter pieces, there is a thread there of using recorded speech.
Speech recordings and their melodies are the basis of "Different Trains." In 1988, that was done consciously to get back in touch with these early tape pieces but instead of saying 'this speech is just as if it is music,' now I'm saying 'this is a part of a musical ensemble.' The Kronos Quartet took its cues from the speech melody. Every time a woman speaks, she is doubled by the viola and every time a man speaks, he's doubled by the cello. With 'City Life,' I was saying that it doesn't just have to be voices. It can be all kinds of sounds.
-www.furious.com/perfect/ohm/reich2.html
It's Gonna Rain -
"It's Gonna Rain" is a musical composition written by Steve Reich in 1965; the work is approximately 17 minutes and 50 seconds in length. It was Reich's first major work and a landmark in musical minimalism and process music.
Breakdown of the composition:
The source material of "It's Gonna Rain" consists entirely of a tape recording made in January 1965 at San Francisco's Union Square. In the recording, an African American Pentecostal preacher, Brother Walter, rails about the end of the world (Grimshaw [1]) while accompanying background noises, including a pigeon taking off in flight are heard. The piece opens with the story of Noah, and the phrase "it's gonna rain" is repeated and eventually looped throughout the song.
For the recording, Reich used two normal Wollensak tape recorders with the same recording, originally attempting to align the phrase with itself at the halfway point (180 degrees). However, due to the imprecise technology in 1965, the two recordings fell out of synch, with one tape gradually falling ahead or behind the other due to minute differences in the machines and playback speed. Reich decided to exploit what is known as phase shifting, where all possible recursive harmonies are explored before the two loops eventually get back in synch before the end of the piece.
Reich created another composition the next year called Come Out, done via the same process. The phrase, "come out to show them", is looped over and over again.
During a lecture at the Long Now Foundation, electronic musician Brian Eno cited "It's Gonna Rain" as his first experience with minimalism and the genre that would come to be known as ambient music.
-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It's_Gonna_Rain
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