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WD_063/ 2004
(  Satoshi Kinoshita )
| Series: | Works on paper: Drawings | | Medium: | crayon on paper | | Size (inches): | 11.5 x 8.2 | | Size (mm): | 297 x 210 | | Catalog #: | WD_063 | | Description: | Signed, date and copyright in pencil on the reverse.
Declaration:
G'day. Why call a spade a spade, when you can call it a bloody shovel! I am an Australian. *I am going to see a doctor to die:)
-An Aussie in Manhattan, 2004.
*I am going to see a doctor today:) .., as English subtitle. Also a spade is always a spade, by the way...
"Aussie" is friendly slang for "Australian". Dog owners also use the term to refer to the Australian Shepherd.
-Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Australian English:Aus·tra·lian En·glish
the form of English spoken in Australia as distinct from other forms of English such as American English or British English.
Australian English is the English language as used in the Commonwealth of Australia, population over 18 million, which is, with Canada, third in size and distinctness among the primary English-speaking countries. English has been used in Australia for about 200 years. Australian English, after the United States and the United Kingdom, is markedly homogeneous, with three kinds of accent: (1) Cultivated Australian, similar to Received Pronunciation in the United Kingdom, and formerly highly regarded; (2) Broad Australian, often compared with Cockney; and (3) General Australian, the majority variety, occupying the social middle ground. Australian English is “non-rhotic” (that is, r is not pronounced in words such as art, door, and worker), the vowel in can’t dance is closer to that in “kent dense” than in “cahnt dahnce” or “kaynt daynce,” and the Broad version of I’m going there today sounds to some ears like-
“I’m going there to die.”
Australian English and British English spelling are generally identical (with some ambivalence in the -or/our endings, most notably in U.S.-style Labor, the name of a political party). Grammar is comparable to general usage in both Britain and the United States, but Australian English has a large and distinctive home-grown vocabulary that includes: (1) Adoptions from Aboriginal languages, with a penchant for spelling with double letters (as in corroboree and kookaburra)
and mainly relating to animals, plants, objects, and localities, for example, billabong, boomerang, didgeridoo, dingo, koala, Murrumbidgee, Woomera) a process similar to American English’s adoption from Native American languages; (2) Extensions in meaning of everyday words, for example, to feel crook “to feel ill,” to farewell someone “to give someone a farewell party,” mob “a flock or group (of sheep, kangaroos, etc.),” station “a ranch,” as in sheep station; (3) Extensions or shifts in the meaning of British dialect words, such as cobber (a friend, mate), dinkum “reliable, genuine,” dunny “a lavatory,” wowser “a spoilsport, prude”; (4) Distinctive informal word endings, e.g., -o in abbreviations such as arvo “afternoon” and journo “journalist,” and -ie in names for workers, such as truckie “truck-driver” and wharfie “stevedore.”
See NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH.
-Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition
Australian English:Australian English is the form of the English language used in Australia.
Differences with other variations of English:
Australian English is similar in many respects to British English but it also borrows from American English. (For example, it uses truck instead of lorry, and freeway is the most common word for a high-speed road, though motorway is acceptable.) It is most similar to New Zealand English, although the difference is immediately obvious to a speaker from either country.
There are also influences from Hiberno-English, as many Australians are of Irish descent. Most noticeable is the non-standard pronunciation of the letter 'h' as /he?t?/, rather than the unaspirated /e?t?/ found in New Zealand, as well as most of Britain and North America, and 'film' as /?f?l?m/. This is attributed to Irish Catholic brothers and nuns teaching in schools. Others include the non-standard plural of 'you' as 'youse', /ju?z/, and the expression 'good on you', although these are also encountered in New Zealand English.
Many Americans struggle to distinguish an Australian English speaker from a New Zealand English speaker, or even a British speaker (just as Canadian and other North American English speakers are often indistinguishable to Australasian ears and are only identified as American).
Due to the predominance of foreign mass media products in the country, Australians are familiar with at least some of the variants of modern British English and American English, and many have adopted some of the distinctive vocabulary and idioms of those languages. The exposure to the different spellings of British and American English leads to a certain amount of spelling confusion, for instance "organize" as opposed to "organise", or "behavior" as opposed to "behaviour". Generally, either variant is accepted (though British spelling is more prevalent).
In 1981 the Macquarie Dictionary of Australian English was published after 10 years of research and planning. Editions have been published ever since. There is also an Oxford dictionary of Australian English.
Unique Australian traits:
Australian English also incorporates several uniquely Australian terms, such as outback to refer to remote regionalareas, walkabout to refer to a long journey of uncertain length and bush to refer to native forested areas, but also to regional areas as well. Fair dinkum can mean are you telling me the truth?, or this is the truth!, or even this is ridiculous! depending on context. The disputed origin (see [1] (http://www.anu.edu.au/ANDC
OzwordsNovember_987._dinkum.htm) ) dates back to the gold rush in the 1850s, "dinkum" being derived from the Chinese word for "gold": "fair dinkum" is the genuine article. G'day is well known as astereotypical Australian greeting. (It is worth noting that many Australians are
quite embarassed by the "G'day" stereotype and its use in places such as the 2000 Olympic Games held in Sydney. Also, "G'day" is not quite synonymous with "good day", and is never used as an expression for "farewell".) Many of these terms have been adopted into British English via popular culture and family links.
Some elements of Aboriginal languages have been incorporated into Australian English, mainly as names for places, flora and fauna (e.g. Dingo, kangaroo). Beyond that, very few terms have been adopted into the wider language. A notable exception is Cooee (a musical call which travels long distances in the bush and is used to say 'is there anyone there?'). Though often thought of as an Aboriginal word, Didgeridoo/Didjeridu (a well known wooden musical instrument) is actually an onomatopoeic term coined by an English settler.
Australian English has a unique set of diminutives formed by adding -o or -ie to the ends of (often abbreviated words). There does not appear to be any particular pattern to which of these suffixes is used. Examples with the -o ending include abo (aborigine - now considered very offensive), arvo (afternoon), servo (service station), rego (annual motor vehicle registration) and ambo (ambulance officer). Examples of the -ie ending include barbie (barbeque), bikkie (biscuit) and blowie (blowfly). Occasionally, a -za diminutive is used, usually for personal names. Barry becomes Bazza, Karen becomes Kazza and Sharon becomes Shazza.
Rhyming slang:
A very common feature of traditional Australian English was rhyming slang, based on Cockney rhyming slang and imported by migrants from London in the 19th century. Rhyming slang consists of taking a phrase, usually of two words, which rhymes with a commonly used word, then using the first word of the phrase the represent the word. For example "Captain Cook" rhymes with "look", so to "have a captain cook," or to "have a captain," means to "have a look."
Rhyming slang was often used to create euphemistic terms for obscene words. In recent years this feature of Australian English has declined under the impact of mass popular culture.
Some of the more colourful examples:
* Chunder (from a cartoon character in The Bulletin called Chunder Loo): spew (in the sense of vomit)
* Comic cuts: nuts (as in testicles)
* A dropkick (from "dropkick punt", a term from Australian Rules football): a cunt (once a very insulting term, but since
the derivation has been forgotten, "dropkick" now usually just means a stupid person).
* A Richard (from Richard the Third): a turd
* Septic or seppo (from septic tank): a Yank. A derogatory term for an American. This was common slang during World
War II, particularly in the Australian Army.
* A snakes (from snake's hiss): a piss, as in "I'm busting for a snakes."
Phonetics of Australian English:
The "cultivated" and "general" accents use 24 consonants, 11 vowels and 8 diphthongs. (The "broad" accents employ a myriad of different vowels and diphthongs). Australian English is a non-rhotic language; 'r' is pronounced only before a vowel, otherwise replaced with a schwa. IPA symbols of the sounds are as follows (where similar or no characters can be provided in unicode, names of the symbols are included for clarification):
Consonants:
* plosives/stops: p, b, t, d, k, g
* fricatives: f, v, É?, ›, s, z, ? (esh), ? (yogh), h
* affricates: t? (tee-esh), d? (dee-yogh)
* nasals: m, n, ?
* semivowels: j, w
* liquids: l, r
Vowels:
* short vowels: ? (small capital i), æ, É?, ? (inverted v), ?, ? (turned cursive a)
* long vowels: i, a, u, ? (reversed epsilon), ? (open o)
* special status: ?
The symbols /e/ and /o/ are also used, but only in diphthongs.
Diphthongs:
* a?, e?, ??, a?, o?, ??, É??, ??
Note: /?/ is the only short vowel that appears at the end of a word
Allophones:
There are many allophones in Australian English. Here are some examples:
* "Noeline's notes"
/o?/ -> [??], [??]
* "I can open the can"
/æ/ -> [æ] or [?], [æ:]
Vocabulary:
* Anglo-Celtic - Australian of English, Scottish, Welsh or Irish descent
* Asian - usually East Asian rather than South Asian
* banana bender - Queenslander
* bastard - "the great Australian endearment" (e.g. Come and have a drink with me, ya bastard!)
* bloke - generic term for a man
* bloody - "the great Australian adjective" (e.g. The price of beer nowadays is bloody outrageous!)
* chook - chicken
* dob - to tell on; dibber dobber is commonly used by children.
* dole bludger - workshy person living on welfare
* crow eater - South Australia (possibly from the piping shrike, the crow-like faunal emblem of that state, and found on
South Australian licence plates)
* footy - football, Rugby League in New South Wales or Queensland, Australian Rules in other states, but not soccer
* Mate - diminuite used affectionedly ("How's it going, mate?"), with queries ("Aw mate?"), etc. Typically said with an
elongated 'a' sound.
* New Australian - 1950s term for immigrant, usually from continental Europe, becoming obsolete
* Pom- (also pommy) mildly derogatory word for English person. The origin of this term is somewhat obscure, and many
erroneous theories abound. The Macquarie Dictionary (which published the first ever dictionary of Australian English in
1981) states that it is a contraction of pomegranate, rhyming slang for immigrant ("imme-granate"). (see also fake
etymology)
* poofter or poof - homosexual man (Offensive)
* Premier - elected head of a state government
* rort - scam
* sandgroper - Western Australian
* 'tothersider, Eastern Stater - someone from eastern Australia (used by Western Australians, now obselete)
* tall poppy - someone who (through hard work, natural ability, or simply luck) rises above the average. Australians
have never been very fond of those with such luck or ability, so this term is mildly derogative in most contexts.
* ugg-boot - sheepskin boot. This word has been trademarked by Deckers Outdoors Corporation in some countries,
however has always been regarded as a generic word in Australian English.
* wog - derogatory term for Italian, Greek or other southern European
Many distinctive Australian words have been driven into extinction or near extinction in recent decades, under the homogenising influence of mass media and imported culture. This process is widely regretted but seems to be irreversible.
Some examples:
* bonzer - really good (almost extinct)
* chunder - to vomit (ridiculed to death by Barry Humphries, now replaced by "puke/puked/puking" - also "chunder
bucket", a receptacle for the above action)
* cobber - friend, mate (almost extinct)
* digger - originally used to denote an ex-soldier, particularly for First World War ANZAC veterans (all such soldiers
have passed away). Now used widely in military circles to denote an enlisted soldier without rank.
* drongo - an idiot, from the name of a very slow racehorse (survives, but in decline)
* dinkum - genuine (still used but in decline); dinky-di also means genuine, usually to do with Australia
* galah - a fool (survives, but in decline)
* sheila - young woman (driven out by the American English "chick")
* smoko - break from work (smoking is banned in most workplaces)
* struth! - expression of shock or dismay (replaced by stronger expletives such as "fuck!" or "shit!")
Spoken Australian English:
According to stereotype, spoken Australian English is thought to be highly colloquial, possibly more so than other spoken variants. Various publishers have produced "phrase books" to assist visitors. These phrasebooks reflect a highly exaggerated and outdated style of Australian colloquialisms and they should partially be regarded as amusements rather than accurate usage guides. Perception has it that a common trait is the frequent use of long-winded similes, such as "Slow as a wet weekend", "Built like a brick shit-house", "mad as a cut snake" or "flat out like a lizard drinking". Whether this perception is based in reality or has been produced by popular culture items of fiction such as television series Neighbours and the films of Paul Hogan remains in question.
A substantial collection of unique or unusual words is in common spoken usage, e.g. "dacks" (trousers), "dag" (unfashionable person), "bludge" (to shirk or to idle), "ute" (a utility vehicle or pickup truck). Another well-known Australianism, "wowser" (a killjoy), is not as popular as it once was, but is still used. An even larger vocabulary is derived from recognisable words with entirely new meanings - "to bag" (to criticise), "blue" (either a fight or heated argument, or an embarrassing mistake), "crook" (unwell, also unfair), "to wag" (to play truant), "cactus" (non-functional), "cut" (angry) and especially "root" (a euphemism for sexual intercourse, which has caused social embarrassment for American women who innocently declare that they "root" for a particular sports team). Also, the term Australians use for "fanny pack" is "bum bag" since in Australia fanny is a slang term for a vagina.
Spoken Australian English is also generally far more tolerant of expletives than other variants: the former Prime Minister Paul Keating would openly refer to his parliamentary opponents as "mangy maggot pissants". This has been theorised to be due to the phenomenon known as tall poppy syndrome, itself an Australian English term.
Australians are known for their directness or "why call a spade a spade, when you can call it a bloody shovel!", which can lead to misunderstanding and offence on the part of Australia's Asian neighbours. Another notable trait of Australian English usage, inherited from Britain, is the use of deadpan humour, in which the joker will make an outrageous or ridiculous statement without explicitly indicating they are joking. Americans visiting Australia have gained themselves a reputation for gullibility and a lack of a sense of humour by not recognising that tales of kangaroos hopping across the Sydney Harbour Bridge are examples of this propensity.
Myths about Australian English:
Negative evaluations of Australian English, like those of many other English dialects, tend to centre on the belief, or come from the perspective that other forms of English (especially Received Pronunciation British English) are superior for some reason. These evaluations of Australian English are simple value judgments and essentially meaningless.
Australian English is sometimes described as "high-pitched", "nasal", and often "lazy" or "drawling". The charges of high pitch and nasality are not true (many Australian English speakers perceive much American English to be "nasal"), and laziness or "drawling" are impossible to test objectively; the claims are simply based on prejudice. If anything, the tendency for Australians to turn pure vowels into diphthongs requires more work from the speech organs rather than less.
Similarly, the ridiculing of the Australian accent in Britain for its supposed 'questioning intonation' (known in linguistics as high rising terminal) is not entirely justified. Many Australians' speech patterns do not conform to this stereotype, and the 'questioning intonation' is often found in many regional speech patterns in the south of England, Northern Ireland, and in some American ones.
Talking about food:
With foodstuffs Australian English tends to be more closely related to the British vocabulary, eg. biscuit for the American cookie. However in a few cases such as zucchini, snow pea and eggplant Australian English uses the same terms as the Americans, whereas the British use the equivalent French terms courgette, mange-tout and do not care whether eggplant or aubergine is used. This is possibly due to a fashion that emerged in mid-19th Century Britain of adopting French nouns for foodstuffs, and hence the usage changed in Britain while the original terms were preserved in the (ex-)colonies. For some uncertain reason, Australia uses the botanical name capsicum for what both the British and the Americans would call (red or green) peppers. Perhaps this is in order to contrast table pepper (berries of genus Piper) from so-called "hot peppers" (larger fruits of genus Capsicum).
Regional variation:
It is sometimes claimed that regional variations in pronunciation and accent exist, but if present at all they are very small compared to those of British and American English - sufficiently so that linguists are divided on the question.
However, there used to be a significant regional variation in Australian English vocabulary between different states. For example, Queenslanders say "port" (short for "portmanteau") while New South Welshmen and Victorians say "school bag", "backpack" or "knapsack". "Football" refers to the most popular code in the state. Western Australians start a game of Australian rules football with a "bounce down", Victorians with a "ball up"; New South Welshmen and Queenslanders start a game of Rugby League with a "kick off". The steadily increasing effect of centralised film, TV and even radio production, however, is rapidly blurring these distinctions.
Regional Phonetic Variation
Studies have shown that there are limited regional variations in Australian English. This chart shows the percentage of speakers from different capital cities who pronounce words in a certain way, concentrating on the usage of /æ/ vs. /a/. This is probably the most significant regional phonetic variation in Australian English.
Hobart Melbourne Brisbane Sydney Adelaide
graph græf (100%) græf (70%) graf (56%) graf (70%) graf (86%)
chance tSæns (100%) tSans (60%) tSæns (75%) tSans (80%) tSans (86%)
demand d?mænd (90%) d?mand (78%) d?mand (78%) d?mand (90%) d?mand (100%)
dance dæns (90%) dæns (65%) dæns (89%) dæns (60%) dans (86%)
castle kasl (60%) kæsl (70%) kæsl (67%) kasl (100%) kasl (86%)
grasp grasp (90%) grasp (89%) grasp (89%) grasp (95%) grasp (100%)
contrast k?ntrast (100%) k?ntrast (100%) k?ntrast (100%) k?ntrast (100%) k?ntrast (71%)
Source: David Crystal, Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge UP, 1995
See also: Distinguishing accents in English - Australia for accent description.
-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
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