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JEAN-PAUL SARTRE/ 2009
(  Satoshi Kinoshita )
| Series: | Prints on paper: Portraits 2 | | Medium: | Giclée on Japanese matte paper | | Size (inches): | 16.5 x 11.7 (paper size) | | Size (mm): | 420 x 297 (paper size) | | Edition size: | 25 | | Catalog #: | PP_0121 | | Description: | From an edition of 25. Signed, titled, date, copyright, edition in pencil on the reverse / Aside from the numbered edition of 5 artist's proofs and 2 printer's proofs.
Jean-Paul Sartre:
"Consciousness is a being whose existence posits its essence, and inversely it is consciousness of a being, whose essence implies its existence; that is, in which appearance lays claim to being. Being is everywhere...We must understand that this being is no other than the transphenomenal being of phenomena and not a noumenal being which is hidden behind them...It requires simply that the being of that which appears does not exist only in so far as it appears. The transphenomenal being of what exists for consciousness is itself in itself.... Consciousness is the revealed-revelation of existents, and existents appear before consciousness on the foundation of their being...Consciousness can always pass beyond the existent, not toward its being, but toward the meaning of this being. A fundamental characteristic of its transcendence is to transcend the ontic toward the ontological. The meaning of the being of the existent in so far as it reveals itself to consciousness is the phenomenon of being...This elucidation of the meaning of being is valid only for the being of the phenomenon....For being is the being of becoming and due to this fact it is beyond becoming. It is what it is. This means that by itself it can not even be what it is not...It is full positivity. It knows no otherness; it never posits itself as other-than-another-being. It can support no connection with the other. It is itself indefinitely and it exhausts itself in being...Consciousness absolutely can not derive from anything, either from another being, or from a possibility, or from a necessary law. Uncreated, without reason for being, without any connection with another being, being-in-itself is de trop for eternity." (Being and Nothingness, 1943)
-mythosandlogos.com/Sartre.html
Jean-Paul Sartre -
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980), commonly known as Jean-Paul Sartre,[1] was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the leading figures in 20th century French philosophy and Existentialism.
Thought:
The basis of Sartre's existentialism can be found in The Transcendence of the Ego. To begin with, the thing-in-itself is infinite and overflowing. Sartre refers to any direct consciousness of the thing-in-itself as a "pre-reflective consciousness." Any attempt to describe, understand, historicize etc. the thing-in-itself, Sartre calls "reflective consciousness." There is no way for the reflective consciousness to subsume the pre-reflective, and so reflection is fated to a form of anxiety, i.e. the human condition. The reflective consciousness in all its forms, (scientific, artistic or otherwise) can only limit the thing-in-itself by virtue of its attempt to understand or describe it. It follows, therefore, that any attempt at self-knowledge (self-consciousness - a reflective consciousness of an overflowing infinite) is a construct that fails no matter how often it is attempted. Consciousness is consciousness of itself insofar as it is consciousness of a transcendent object.
The same holds true about knowledge of the "Other." The "Other" (meaning simply beings or objects that are not the self) is a construct of reflective consciousness. A volitional entity must be careful to understand this more as a form of warning than as an ontological statement. However, there is an implication of solipsism here that Sartre considers fundamental to any coherent description of the human condition.[25] Sartre overcomes this solipsism by a kind of ritual. Self consciousness needs "the Other" to prove (display) its own existence. It has a "masochistic desire" to be limited, i.e. limited by the reflective consciousness of another subject. This is expressed metaphorically in the famous line of dialogue from No Exit, "Hell is other people."
Sartre stated that "In order to make myself recognized by the Other, I must risk my own life. To risk one's life, in fact, is to reveal oneself as not-bound to the objective form or to any determined existence--as not-bound to life", meaning the value of the Other's recognition of me depends on the value of my recognition of the Other In this sense to the extent that the Other apprehends me as bound to a body and immersed in life, I am myself only an Other as Ego. [26]
The main idea of Jean-Paul Sartre is that we are, as humans, "condemned to be free."[27] This theory relies upon his atheism, and is formed using the example of the paper-knife. Sartre says that if one considered a paper-knife, one would assume that the creator would have had a plan for it: an essence. Sartre said that human beings have no essence before their existence because, there is no Creator. Thus: "existence precedes essence".[28] So, and just for that, the Sartrean man with his freedom will become a god, but he will remain always only a bankrupt god.
Selected bibliography:
* L'Imagination (Imagination: A Psychological Critique), 1936
* La Transcendence de l'égo (The Transcendence of the Ego), 1937
* La Nausée (Nausea), 1938
* Le Mur (The Wall), 1939
* Esquisse d'une théorie des émotions (Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions), 1939
* L'Imaginaire (The Imaginary), 1940, lit. "The Unconscious"
* Les Mouches (The Flies), 1943 - a modern version of the Oresteia
* L'Être et le néant (Being and Nothingness), 1943
* Réflexions sur la question juive (Anti-Semite and Jew; literally, Reflections on the Jewish Question), 1943
* Huis-clos (No Exit), 1944
* Les Chemins de la liberté (The Roads to Freedom) trilogy, comprising:
o L'Âge de raison (The Age of Reason), 1945
o Le Sursis (The Reprieve), 1947
o La Mort dans l'Âme (Troubled Sleep, title formerly translated as Iron in the Soul, literally "Death in Spirit"), 1949
* Morts sans sépulture (Deaths without burial; aka The Victors; Men Without Shadows in English), 1946
* L'Existentialisme est un humanisme (Existentialism is a Humanism), 1946
* La Putain respectueuse (The Respectful Prostitute) 1946
* Qu'est ce que la littérature? (What is literature?), 1947
* Baudelaire, 1947
* Situations, 1947 –1965
* Les Mains sales (Dirty Hands), 1948
* "Orphée Noir" (Black Orpheus), introduction to Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache. edited by Léopold Sédar Senghor, 1948
* Le Diable et le bon dieu (The Devil and the Good Lord), 1951
* Les Jeux sont faits (The Game is Up), 1952
* Saint Genet, Actor and Martyr, 1952
* Kean (adaptation of Alexandre Dumas, père's play) 1953, produced Paris 1954, revived London 2007 [1]
* Nekrassov, 1955
* Existentialism and Human Emotions, 1957
* The Problem of Method, 1957
* Les Séquestrés d'Altona (The Condemned of Altona), 1959
* Critique de la raison dialectique (Critique of Dialectical Reason), 1960
* "Preface" to Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth, 1961
* Search for a Method (English translation of preface to Critique, Vol. I), 1962
* Colonialism and Neocolonialism, 1964
* Les Mots (The Words), 1964, autobiographical
* L'Idiot de la famille (The Family Idiot), 1971–1972 - on Gustave Flaubert
* Cahiers pour une morale (Notebooks for Ethics), 1983, 1947-48 notes on ethics
* Les Carnets de la drôle de guerre: Novembre 1939 - Mars 1940 (War Diaries: Notebooks from a Phony War 1939-1940), 1984, notebooks from Sartre's time in the Phony War of 1939-1940
Sources:
* Aronson, Ronald (1980) Jean-Paul Sartre - Philosophy in the World. London: NLB
* Gerassi, John (1989) Jean-Paul Sartre: Hated Conscience of His Century. Volume 1: Protestant or Protester? Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* Judaken, Jonathan (2006) "Jean-Paul Sartre and the Jewish Question: Anti-antisemitism and the Politics of the French Intellectual. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
* Kirsner, Douglas (2003) The Schizoid World of Jean-Paul Sartre and R.D. Lang. New York: Karnac
* Scriven, Michael (1993) Sartre and The Media. London: MacMillan Press Ltd
* Scriven, Michael (1999) Jean-Paul Sartre: Politics and Culture in Postwar France. London: MacMillan Press Ltd
* Thody, Philip (1964) Jean-Paul Sartre. London: Hamish Hamilton
References:
1. ^ French pronunciation: [saʁtʁ], English: /ˈsɑrt/
25. ^ Sartre, 1936 Transcendence of the Ego, Williams and Kirkpatrick, 1957 pp. 98-106 translation from "La transcendence de l"ego...
26. ^ Being and Nothingness, p. 237
27. ^ Existentialism and Humanism
28. ^ Existentialism and Humanism
-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre
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