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DE CAELO (OR ON THE HEAVENS) #0609/ 2009
(  Satoshi Kinoshita )
| Series: | Paintings: Landscape 2 | | Medium: | Acrylic on board in artist's original hand painted frame | | Size (inches): | 48.5 x 32.75 (in frame) | | Size (mm): | 1232 x 832 (in frame) | | Catalog #: | PA_0137 | | Description: | Signed, titled, date, copyright in magic ink on the reverse.
"If. . .a word has an infinite number of meanings,
obviously reasoning would be impossible;
for not to have one meaning
is to have no meaning,
and if words have no meaning
our reasoning with one another. . .
has been annihilated."
(Aristotle, Metaphysica Book IV)
-www.boundaries-for-effective-ministry.org/aristotlequote.html
On the Heavens -
On the Heavens (or De Caelo) is Aristotle's chief cosmological treatise: it contains his astronomical theory. According to him, the heavenly bodies are the most perfect realities, (or "substances"), whose motions are ruled by principles other than those of bodies in the sublunary sphere. The latter are composed of one or all of the four classical elements (earth, water, air, fire) and are perishable; but the matter the heavens are made of is imperishable aether, so they are not subject to generation and corruption. Hence their motions are eternal and perfect, and the perfect motion is the circular one, which, unlike the earthly up- and down-ward locomotions, can last eternally selfsame. As substances, celestial bodies have matter (aether) and a form: it seems that Aristotle did regard them as living beings with a rational soul as their form (see also Metaphysics, bk. XII)
On the Heavens should not be confused with the spurious work On the Universe (De mundo, also known as On the Cosmos).
-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Heavens
Aristotle -
Aristotle (Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology.
Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. He was the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics. Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian Physics. In the biological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the nineteenth century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late nineteenth century into modern formal logic. In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially Eastern Orthodox theology, and the scholastic tradition of the Roman Catholic Church. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today.
Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues (Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"), it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived.[1]
Analytics and the Organon:
What we today call Aristotelian logic, Aristotle himself would have labeled "analytics". The term "logic" he reserved to mean dialectics. Most of Aristotle's work is probably not in its original form, since it was most likely edited by students and later lecturers. The logical works of Aristotle were compiled into six books in about the early 1st century AD:
1. Categories
2. On Interpretation
3. Prior Analytics
4. Posterior Analytics
5. Topics
6. On Sophistical Refutations
The order of the books (or the teachings from which they are composed) is not certain, but this list was derived from analysis of Aristotle's writings. It goes from the basics, the analysis of simple terms in the Categories, to the study of more complex forms, namely, syllogisms (in the Analytics) and dialectics (in the Topics and Sophistical Refutations). There is one volume of Aristotle's concerning logic not found in the Organon, namely the fourth book of Metaphysics.[2]
The five elements:
* Fire, which is hot and dry.
* Earth, which is cold and dry.
* Air, which is hot and wet.
* Water, which is cold and wet.
* Aether, which is the divine substance that makes up the heavenly spheres and heavenly bodies (stars and planets).
Each of the four earthly elements has its natural place; the earth at the centre of the universe, then water, then air, then fire. When they are out of their natural place they have natural motion, requiring no external cause, which is towards that place; so bodies sink in water, air bubbles rise up, rain falls, flame rises in air. The heavenly element has perpetual circular motion.
1. ^ Jonathan Barnes, "Life and Work" in The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (1995), p. 9.
2. ^ Bocheński, 1951.
-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle#cite_note-0
Corpus Aristotelicum -
The Corpus Aristotelicum is the collection of Aristotle's works that have survived from antiquity through Medieval manuscript transmission. These texts, as opposed to Aristotle's lost works, are technical philosophical treatises from within Aristotle's school. Reference to them is made according to the organization of Immanuel Bekker's nineteenth-century edition, which in turn is based on ancient classifications of these works.
Overview of the extant works:
The extant works of Aristotle are broken down according to the five categories in the Corpus Aristotelicum. Not all of these works are considered genuine, but differ with respect to their connection to Aristotle, his associates and his views. Some are regarded by most scholars as products of Aristotle's "school" and compiled under his direction or supervision. (The Constitution of Athens, the only major modern addition to the Corpus Aristotelicum, has also been so regarded.) Other works, such as On Colors may have been products of Aristotle's successors at the Lyceum, e.g., Theophrastus and Straton. Still others acquired Aristotle's name through similarities in doctrine or content, such as the De Plantis, possibly by Nicolaus of Damascus. A final category, omitted here, includes medieval palmistries, astrological and magical texts whose connection to Aristotle is purely fanciful and self-promotional.
In several of the treatises, there are references to other works in the corpus. Based on such references, some scholars have suggested a possible chronological order for a number of Aristotle's writings. W.D. Ross, for instance, suggested the following broad chronology (which of course leaves out much): Categories, Topics, Sophistici Elenchi, Analytics, Metaphysics Δ, the physical works, the Ethics, and the rest of the Metaphysics.[1] Many modern scholars, however, based simply on lack of evidence, are skeptical of such attempts to determine the chronological order of Aristotle's writings.[2]
Bekker numbers:
Bekker numbers, the standard form of reference to works in the Corpus Aristotelicum, are based on the page numbers used in the Prussian Academy of Sciences edition of the complete works of Aristotle. They take their name from the editor of that edition, the classical philologist August Immanuel Bekker (1785-1871).
Bekker numbers take the format of up to four digits, a letter for column 'a' or 'b', then the line number. For example, the beginning of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics is 1094a1, which corresponds to page 1094 of Bekker's edition of the Greek text of Aristotle's works, first column, line 1.
All modern editions or translations of Aristotle intended for scholarly readers use Bekker numbers, in addition to or instead of page numbers. Contemporary scholars writing on Aristotle use the Bekker number so that the author's citations can be checked by readers without having to use the same edition or translation that the author used.
While Bekker numbers are the dominant method used to refer to the works of Aristotle, Catholic or Thomist scholars often use the medieval method of reference by book, chapter, and sentence, albeit generally in addition to Bekker numbers.
Stephanus pagination is the comparable system for referring to the works of Plato.
Aristotle's works by Bekker numbers:
The following list is complete. The titles are given in accordance with the standard set by the Revised Oxford Translation (The Complete Works of Aristotle, edited by Jonathan Barnes, 2 vols., Princeton University Press, 1984). Latin titles, still often used by scholars, are also given. Disputed works are marked by *, and ** marks a work generally agreed to be spurious.
Logic (Organon):
* (1a) Categories (or Categoriae)
* (16a) De Interpretatione ("On Interpretation")
* (24a) Prior Analytics (or Analytica Priora)
* (71a) Posterior Analytics (or Analytica Posteriora)
* (100a) Topics (or Topica)
* (164a) Sophistical Refutations (or De Sophisticis Elenchis)
Physics (the study of nature):
* (184a) Physics (or Physica)
* (268a) On the Heavens (or De Caelo)
* (314a) On Generation and Corruption (or De Generatione et Corruptione)
* (338a) Meteorology (or Meteorologica)
* (391a) On the Universe** (or De Mundo)
* (402a) On the Soul (or De Anima)
* The Parva Naturalia ("Little Physical Treatises"):
o (436a) Sense and Sensibilia (or De Sensu et Sensibilibus)
o (449b) On Memory (or De Memoria et Reminiscentia)
o (453b) On Sleep (or De Somno et Vigilia)
o (458a) On Dreams (or De Insomniis)
o (462b) On Divination in Sleep (or De Divinatione per Somnum)
o (464b) On Length and Shortness of Life (or De Longitudine et Brevitate Vitae)
o (467b) On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration (or De Juventute et Senectute, De Vita et Morte, De Respiratione)
* (481a) On Breath** (or De Spiritu)
* (486a) History of Animals (or Historia Animalium)
* (639a) Parts of Animals (or De Partibus Animalium)
* (698a) Movement of Animals (or De Motu Animalium)
* (704a) Progression of Animals (or De Incessu Animalium)
* (715a) Generation of Animals (or De Generatione Animalium)
* (791a) On Colors** (or De Coloribus)
* (800a) On Things Heard** (or De audibilibus)
* (805a) Physiognomics** (or Physiognomonica)
* (815a) On Plants** (or De Plantis)
* (830a) On Marvellous Things Heard** (or De mirabilibus auscultationibus)
* (847a) Mechanics** (or Mechanica)
* (859a) Problems* (or Problemata)
* (968a) On Indivisible Lines** (or De Lineis Insecabilibus)
* (973a) The Situations and Names of Winds** (or Ventorum Situs)
* (974a) On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias**
Metaphysics:
* (980a) Metaphysics (or Metaphysica)
Ethics and politics:
* (1094a) Nicomachean Ethics (or Ethica Nicomachea)
* (1181a) Magna Moralia* ("Great Ethics")
* (1214a) Eudemian Ethics (or Ethica Eudemia)
* (1249a) On Virtues and Vices** (or De Virtutibus et Vitiis Libellus)
* (1252a) Politics (or Politica)
* (1343a) Economics* (or Oeconomica)
Rhetoric and poetics:
* (1354a) Rhetoric (or Ars Rhetorica)
* (1420a) Rhetoric to Alexander** (or Rhetorica ad Alexandrum)
* (1447a) Poetics (or Ars Poetica)
Aristotelian works lacking Bekker numbers:
The Constitution of the Athenians:
The Constitution of the Athenians (or Athenaiōn Politeia) was not included in Bekker's edition, because it was first edited in 1891 from papyrus rolls acquired in 1890 by the British Museum. The standard reference to it is by section (and subsection) numbers.
Fragments:
Surviving fragments of the many lost works of Aristotle were included in the third volume of Bekker's edition, edited by Valentin Rose. These are not cited by Bekker numbers, however, but according to fragment numbers. The numeration of the fragments in a revised edition by Rose, published in the Teubner series, Aristotelis qui ferebantur librorum fragmenta, Leipzig, 1886, is still commonly used (indicated by R3), although there is a more current edition with a different numeration by Olof Gigon (published in 1987 as a new vol. 3 in Walter de Gruyter's reprint of the Bekker edition), and a new de Gruyter edition by Eckart Schütrumpf is in preparation.[3] For a selection of the fragments in English translation, see Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation, vol. 2, Princeton 1984, pp. 2384-2465.
The works surviving only in fragments include the dialogues On Philosophy (or On the Good), Eudemus (or On the Soul), Protrepticus, On Justice, and On Good Birth.
Notes:
1. ^ W. D. Ross, Aristotle's Metaphysics (1953), vol. 1, p. lxxxii. By the "physical works", Ross means the Physics, On the Heavens, On Generation and Corruption, and the Meteorology; see Ross, Aristotle's Physics (1936), p. 3.
2. ^ E.g., Jonathan Barnes, "Life and Work" in The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (1995), pp. 18-22.
3. ^ "CU-Boulder Expert Wins $75,000 Award For Research On Aristotle," University of Colorado Office of News Services, December 14, 2005.
-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Aristotelicum
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